P690Q Steel Tempering: Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater toughness by decreasing the hardness of the P690Q alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in P690Q ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the P690Q metal. Tempering is usually performed after quenching, which is rapid cooling of the P690Q steel to put it in its hardest state.
Tempering is accomplished by controlled heating of the quenched work-piece to a temperature below its "lower critical temperature". This is also called the lower transformation temperature or lower arrest temperature; the temperature at which the crystalline phases of the alloy, called ferrite and cementite, begin combining to form a single-phase solid solution referred to as austenite. Heating above this temperature is avoided, so as not to destroy the very-hard, quenched microstructure, called martensite.
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